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==Events== *202 BC – Second Punic War: At the Battle of Zama, Roman legions under Scipio Africanus defeat Hannibal Barca, leader of the army defending Carthage. * 439 – The Vandals, led by King Gaiseric, take Carthage in North Africa. *1216 – King John of England dies at Newark-on-Trent and is succeeded by his nine-year-old son Henry. *1386 – The Universität Heidelberg held its first lecture, making it the oldest German university. *1466 – The Thirteen Years' War ends with the Second Treaty of Thorn. *1469 – Ferdinand II of Aragon marries Isabella I of Castile, a marriage that paves the way to the unification of Aragon and Castile into a single country, Spain. *1512 – Martin Luther becomes a doctor of theology (''Doctor in Biblia''). *1649 – New Ross town, County Wexford, Ireland, surrenders to Oliver Cromwell. *1781 – At Yorktown, Virginia, representatives of British commander Lord Cornwallis handed over Cornwallis' sword and formally surrendered to George Washington and the comte de Rochambeau. *1789 – Chief Justice John Jay is sworn in as the first Chief Justice of the United States. *1805 – Napoleonic Wars: Austrian General Mack surrenders his army to the Grande Armée of Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Ulm. Thirty thousand prisoners are captured and 10,000 casualties inflicted on the losers. *1812 – Napoleon Bonaparte retreats from Moscow. *1813 – The Battle of Leipzig concludes, giving Napoleon Bonaparte one of his worst defeats. *1822 – In Parnaíba; Simplício Dias da Silva, João Cândido de Deus e Silva and Domingos Dias declare the independent state of Piauí. *1864 – Battle of Cedar Creek: Union Army under Philip Sheridan destroys a Confederate Army under Jubal Early. * 1864 – St. Albans Raid: Confederate raiders launch an attack on Saint Albans, Vermont from Canada. *1866 – Venice, Annexion of Veneto and Mantua to Italy, at Hotel Europa, Austria hands over Veneto to France, which hands it immediately over to Italy. *1900 – Max Planck, in his house at Grunewald, on the outskirts of Berlin, discovers the law of black-body radiation (Planck's law). *1904 – Polytechnic University of the Philippines founded as Manila Business School through the superintendence of the American C.A. O'Reilley. *1912 – Italy takes possession of Tripoli, Libya from the Ottoman Empire. *1914 – The First Battle of Ypres begins. *1917 – The Love Field in Dallas is opened. *1921 – Portuguese Prime Minister António Granjo and other politicians are murdered in a Lisbon coup. *1922 – British Conservative MPs meeting at the Carlton Club vote to break off the Coalition Government with David Lloyd George of the Liberal Party. *1933 – Germany withdraws from the League of Nations. *1935 – The League of Nations places economic sanctions on fascist Italy for its invasion of Ethiopia. *1943 – The cargo vessel ''Sinfra'' is attacked by Allied aircraft at Souda Bay, Crete, and sunk. Two thousand ninety-eight Italian prisoners of war drown with it. * 1943 – Streptomycin, the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis, is isolated by researchers at Rutgers University. *1944 – United States forces land in the Philippines. *1950 – The People's Liberation Army takes control of the town of Chamdo; this is sometimes called the "Invasion of Tibet". * 1950 – The People's Republic of China joins the Korean War by sending thousands of troops across the Yalu River to fight United Nations forces. * 1950 – Iran becomes the first country to accept technical assistance from the United States under the Point Four Program. *1954 – First ascent of Cho Oyu. *1956 – The Soviet Union and Japan sign a Joint Declaration, officially ending the state of war between the two countries that had existed since August 1945. *1960 – Cold War: The United States government imposes a near-total trade embargo against Cuba, which remains in effect today. *1969 – The first Prime Minister of Tunisia in twelve years, Bahi Ladgham, is appointed by President Habib Bourguiba. *1973 – President Richard Nixon rejects an Appeals Court decision that he turn over the Watergate tapes. *1974 – Niue becomes a self-governing colony of New Zealand. *1976 – Battle of Aishiya in Lebanon. *1984 – Roman Catholic priest from Poland, Jerzy Popiełuszko, associated with the Solidarity Union, was murdered by three agents of the Polish communist internal intelligence agency. *1986 – Samora Machel, President of Mozambique and a prominent leader of FRELIMO, and 33 others die when their Tupolev Tu-134 plane crashes into the Lebombo Mountains. *1987 – The United States Navy conducts Operation Nimble Archer, an attack on two Iranian oil platforms in the Persian Gulf. * 1987 – Black Monday: The Dow Jones Industrial Average falls by 22%, 508 points. *1988 – The British government imposes a broadcasting ban on television and radio interviews with members of Sinn Féin and eleven Irish republican and Ulster loyalist paramilitary groups. *1989 – The convictions of the Guildford Four are quashed by the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, after they had spent 15 years in prison. *2001 – ''SIEV X'', an Indonesian fishing boat en route to Christmas Island, carrying over 400 asylum seekers, sinks in international waters with the loss of 353 people. *2003 – Mother Teresa is beatified by Pope John Paul II. *2004 – Care International aid worker Margaret Hassan is kidnapped in Iraq. *2005 – Saddam Hussein goes on trial in Baghdad for crimes against humanity. * 2005 – Hurricane Wilma becomes the most intense Atlantic hurricane on record with a minimum pressure of 882 mb. *2007 – Philippines: A bomb explosion rocked Glorietta 2, a shopping mall in Makati. The blast killed 11 and injured more than 100 people. *2012 – A bomb explosion kills 8 people and injures 110 people in Beirut, Lebanon. *2013 – At least 105 people were injured in a train crash at the Once railway station in Buenos Aires. *2014 – Oort cloud Comet Siding Spring makes a close fly-by the planet Mars passing within 140,000 kilometers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「October 19」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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